Deodorants are substances applied to the body to eliminate body odor Body odor, often abbreviated as B.O., or bromhidrosis :779:707 is the smell of bacteria growing on the body. These bacteria multiply rapidly in the presence of sweat, but sweat itself is almost completely odorless to humans caused by the bacterial breakdown of perspiration Perspiration is the production of a fluid consisting primarily of water as well as various dissolved solids (chiefly chlorides), that is excreted by the sweat glands in the skin of mammals. Sweat contains the chemicals or odorants 2-methylphenol (o-cresol) and 4-methylphenol (p-cresol), as well as a small amount of urea. A subgroup of deodorants, antiperspirants, prevent odor and reduce sweat produced by parts of the body. Antiperspirants are typically applied to the underarms The axilla is the area on the human body directly under the joint where the arm connects to the shoulder, while deodorants may also be used on feet The foot is an anatomical structure found in many vertebrates. It is the terminal portion of a limb which bears weight and allows locomotion. In many animals with feet, the foot is a separate organ at the terminal part of the leg made up of one or more segments or bones, generally including claws or nails and other areas in the form of body sprays. Deodorants are classified and regulated as cosmetics Cosmetics are substances used to enhance the appearance or odor of the human body. Cosmetics include skin-care creams, lotions, powders, perfumes, lipsticks, fingernail and toe nail polish, eye and facial makeup, permanent waves, colored contact lenses, hair colors, hair sprays and gels, deodorants, baby products, bath oils, bubble baths, bath by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration The Food and Drug Administration is an agency of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, one of the United States federal executive departments, responsible for protecting and promoting public health through the regulation and supervision of food safety, tobacco products, dietary supplements, prescription and over-the-counter (FDA).[1] Deodorants that act as antiperspirants are classified as drugs Over-the-counter drugs are medicines that may be sold directly to a consumer without a prescription from a health care professional, as compared to prescription drugs, which may only be sold to consumers possessing a valid prescription. In many countries, OTC drugs are selected by a regulatory agency to ensure that they are ingredients that are by the FDA.[1]

The first commercial deodorant, Mum, was introduced and patented in the late nineteenth century by an inventor An invention is a new composition, device, or process. An invention may be derived from a pre-existing model or idea, or it could be independently conceived in which case it may be a radical breakthrough. In addition, there is cultural invention, which is an innovative set of useful social behaviors adopted by people and passed on to others in Philadelphia Philadelphia is the largest city in Pennsylvania and the sixth-most-populous city in the United States, Pennsylvania Pennsylvania has 51 miles of coastline along Lake Erie and 57 miles (92 km) of shoreline along the Delaware Estuary, whose name has been lost to history.[2] The product was briefly withdrawn from the market in the U.S.[2] It is once again available at retailers in the U.S. under the brand Ban.[3] The modern formulation of the antiperspirant was patented by Jules Montenier on January 28, 1941.[4] This formulation was first found in "Stopette" deodorant spray, which Time Magazine Time is an American news magazine. A European edition (Time Europe, formerly known as Time Atlantic) is published from London. Time Europe covers the Middle East, Africa and, since 2003, Latin America. An Asian edition (Time Asia) is based in Hong Kong. As of 2009, Time no longer publishes a Canadian advertiser edition. The South Pacific edition, called "the best-selling deodorant of the early 1950s".[5] Stopette was later eclipsed by many other brands as the 1941 patent expired.

A small percentage of people are allergic Allergy is a disorder of the immune system which is a form of hypersensitivity. Allergic reactions occur to normally harmless environmental substances known as allergens; these reactions are acquired, predictable, and rapid. Strictly, allergy is one of four forms of hypersensitivity and is called type I hypersensitivity. It is characterized by to aluminium Aluminium (UK: /ˌæljʉˈmɪniəm/ AL-yew-MIN-ee-əm) or aluminum (US: /əˈluːmɨnəm/ ( listen) ə-LOO-mi-nəm) is a silvery white member of the boron group of chemical elements. It has the symbol Al and its atomic number is 13. It is not soluble in water under normal circumstances. Aluminium is the most abundant metal in the Earth's crust, and may experience contact dermatitis Contact dermatitis is a term for a skin reaction resulting from exposure to allergens (allergic contact dermatitis) or irritants (irritant contact dermatitis). Phototoxic dermatitis occurs when the allergen or irritant is activated by sunlight when exposed to aluminium containing deodorants.[6] A 1998 study stated the use of aluminium-containing antiperspirants has been linked with the systemic accumulation of aluminium which increases the risk of Alzheimer's disease Alzheimer's disease , also called Alzheimer disease, Senile Dementia of the Alzheimer Type (SDAT) or simply Alzheimer's, is the most common form of dementia. This incurable, degenerative, and terminal disease was first described by German psychiatrist and neuropathologist Alois Alzheimer in 1906 and was named after him. Generally, it is diagnosed.[7] A 2007 study stated personal care products are a potential contributor to the body burden of aluminium and newer evidence has linked breast cancer with aluminium-based antiperspirants.[8] A 2008 study stated that no scientific evidence supports the hypothesis that deodorants and/or antiperspirants increase the incidence of breast cancer.[9]

Contents

Overview

Stick antiperspirant/deodorant

Human perspiration is largely odorless until it is fermented by bacteria The bacteria ( [bækˈtɪəriə] ; singular: bacterium)[α] are a large group of single-celled, prokaryote microorganisms. Typically a few micrometres in length, bacteria have a wide range of shapes, ranging from spheres to rods and spirals. Bacteria are ubiquitous in every habitat on Earth, growing in soil, acidic hot springs, radioactive waste,. Bacteria thrive in hot, humid environments. The human underarm is among the most consistently warm areas on the surface of the human body, and sweat glands 1. Hair Shaft 2. Stratum Corneum 3. Pigment Layer 4. Stratum Spinosum 5. Stratum Basale 6. Arrector Pili Muscle 7. Sebaceous Gland 8. Hair Follicle 9. Papilla of Hair 10. Nerve Fiber 11. Sweat Gland 12. Pacinian Corpuscle 13. Artery 14. Vein 15. Sensory Nerve ending 16. Dermal Papillary 17. Sweat Pore provide moisture, which when excreted, has a vital cooling effect. When adult armpits are washed with alkaline pH soaps, the skin loses its acid mantel (pH 4.5 - 6), raising the skin pH and disrupting the skin barrier.[10] Bacteria thrive in high pH or base environments.[11] Creating such an environment in the armpit makes it more susceptible to bacterial colonization.[11] The bacteria feed on the sweat from the apocrine glands and on dead skin and hair cells, releasing 3-methyl-2-hexenoic acid in their waste, which is the primary cause of body odor.[12] Underarm hair This hair, as most of the other body hair, normally starts to appear at puberty and growth is usually complete by the end of teen age. The release of pheromones from the axilla at this stage of human development suggests association of armpit hair with sexuality. The positive response to olfactory stimulus in mammals and the consequent wicks the moisture away from the skin and aids in keeping the skin dry enough to prevent or diminish bacterial colonization. The hair is less susceptible to bacterial growth and therefore is ideal for preventing the bacterial odor.[13]

Deodorants are classified and regulated as cosmetics by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration The Food and Drug Administration is an agency of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, one of the United States federal executive departments, responsible for protecting and promoting public health through the regulation and supervision of food safety, tobacco products, dietary supplements, prescription and over-the-counter (FDA)[1] and are designed to eliminate odor. Deodorants are usually alcohol-based. Alcohol initially stimulates sweating, but may also temporarily kill bacteria.[14] Deodorants can be formulated with other, more persistent antimicrobials An antimicrobial is a substance that kills or inhibits the growth of microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, or protozoans. Antimicrobial drugs either kill microbes or prevent the growth of microbes (microbistatic). Disinfectants are antimicrobial substances used on non-living objects such as triclosan Triclosan is an antibacterial and antifungal agent. It is a polychloro phenoxy phenol. Despite being used in many consumer products, beyond its use in toothpaste to prevent gingivitis, there is no evidence according to the American Food and Drug Administration that triclosan provides an extra benefit to health in other consumer products. Triclosan, or with metal chelant compounds that slow bacterial growth. Deodorants may contain perfume Perfume is a mixture of fragrant essential oils and aroma compounds, fixatives, and solvents used to give the human body, animals, objects, and living spaces a pleasant scent . The odoriferous compounds that make up a perfume can be manufactured synthetically or extracted from plant or animal sources fragrances or natural essential oils An essential oil is a concentrated, hydrophobic liquid containing volatile aroma compounds from plants. Essential oils are also known as volatile, ethereal oils or aetherolea, or simply as the "oil of" the plant from which they were extracted, such as oil of clove. An oil is "essential" in the sense that it carries a intended to mask the odor of perspiration.

Deodorants combined with antiperspirant agents are classified as drugs by the FDA.[1] Antiperspirants attempt to stop or significantly reduce perspiration and thus reduce the moist climate in which bacteria thrive. Aluminium chloride Aluminum chloride is a compound of aluminium and chlorine. Pure samples are white, but it is often contaminated with iron trichloride, giving it a yellow colour. The solid has a low melting and boiling point, and is ionicly bonded with covalent character. It sublimes at 178 °C. Molten AlCl3 conducts electricity poorly, unlike more ionic halides, aluminium chlorohydrate Aluminium chlorohydrate is a group of salts having the general formula AlnCl(OH)m. It is used in deodorants and antiperspirants and as a flocculant in water purification, and aluminium Aluminium (UK: /ˌæljʉˈmɪniəm/ AL-yew-MIN-ee-əm) or aluminum (US: /əˈluːmɨnəm/ ( listen) ə-LOO-mi-nəm) is a silvery white member of the boron group of chemical elements. It has the symbol Al and its atomic number is 13. It is not soluble in water under normal circumstances. Aluminium is the most abundant metal in the Earth's crust,-zirconium Zirconium is a chemical element with the symbol Zr and atomic number 40. Its atomic mass is 91.224. It is a lustrous, grey-white, strong transition metal that resembles titanium. Zirconium is used as an alloying agent for its strong resistance to corrosion. It is never found as a native metal; it is obtained mainly from the mineral zircon, which compounds, most notably aluminium zirconium tetrachlorohydrex gly and aluminium zirconium trichlorohydrex gly, are frequently used in antiperspirants. Aluminium chlorohydrate and aluminium zirconium tetrachlorohydrate gly are the most frequent active ingredients in commercial antiperspirants.[15] Aluminium-based complexes react with the electrolytes In chemistry, an electrolyte is any substance containing free ions that make the substance electrically conductive. The most typical electrolyte is an ionic solution, but molten electrolytes and solid electrolytes are also possible in the sweat to form a gel plug in the duct of the sweat gland. The plugs prevent the gland from excreting liquid and are removed over time by the natural sloughing Desquamation is the shedding of the outer layers of the skin. The word comes from the Latin desquamare, meaning "to scrape the scales off a fish" of the skin. The metal salts work in another way to prevent sweat from reaching the surface of the skin: the aluminum salts interact with the keratin fibrils in the sweat ducts and form a physical plug that prevents sweat from reaching the skin’s surface. Aluminum salts also have a slight astringent An astringent substance is a chemical compound that tends to shrink or constrict body tissues, usually locally after topical medicinal application. The word "astringent" derives from Latin adstringere, meaning "to bind fast". Two common examples are calamine lotion and witch hazel effect on the pores; causing them to contract, further preventing sweat from reaching the surface of the skin.[16] The blockage of a large number of sweat glands reduces the amount of sweat produced in the underarms, though this may vary from person to person.

Over-the-counter products labelled as "natural deodorant crystal" containing the chemical potassium alum have gained newfound popularity as an alternative health product.[17] A popular alternative to modern commercial deodorants is ammonium alum Ammonium alum (NH4Al2·12H2O) or ammonium aluminium sulfate dodecahydrate is a white crystalline double sulfate of aluminium, used in water purification, in vegetable glues, in porcelain cements, in natural deodorants and in tanning, dyeing and in fireproofing textiles, which is a common type of alum Alum is both a specific chemical compound and a class of chemical compounds. The specific compound is the hydrated potassium aluminium sulfate with the formula K sold in crystal form and often referred to as a deodorant crystal. It has been used as a deodorant throughout history in Thailand, the Far East, Mexico and other countries.

Deodorants and antiperspirants come in many forms. What is commonly used varies in different countries. In Europe, aerosol sprays Aerosol spray is a type of dispensing system which creates an aerosol mist of liquid particles. This is used with a can or bottle that contains a liquid under pressure. When the container's valve is opened, the liquid is forced out of a small hole and emerges as an aerosol or mist. As gas expands to drive out the payload, only some propellant are popular, as are cream and roll-on forms. In the United States, solid or gel forms are dominant.

History

In the 9th century, Ziryab Abu l-Hasan ‘Ali Ibn Nafi‘ (c. 789—857), nicknamed Ziryab (Persian language:Zaryâb, Kurdish: زۆراو Zorab), was a Persian or Kurdish polymath: a poet, musician, singer, cosmetologist, fashion designer, celebrity, trendsetter, strategist, astronomer, botanist and geographer. He was active at the Umayyad court of Córdoba in Islamic invented under-arm deodorants in Al-Andalus Al-Andalus was the Arabic name given to a nation in the parts of the Iberian Peninsula and Septimania governed by Berbers and African Muslims (given the generic name of Moors), at various times in the period between 711 and 1492.[18] In 1888, the first commercial deodorant, Mum, was developed and patented by a U.S. inventor An invention is a new composition, device, or process. An invention may be derived from a pre-existing model or idea, or it could be independently conceived in which case it may be a radical breakthrough. In addition, there is cultural invention, which is an innovative set of useful social behaviors adopted by people and passed on to others in Philadelphia Philadelphia is the largest city in Pennsylvania and the sixth-most-populous city in the United States, Pennsylvania Pennsylvania has 51 miles of coastline along Lake Erie and 57 miles (92 km) of shoreline along the Delaware Estuary, in 1888 1888 was a leap year starting on Sunday (click on link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Friday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar) whose name has been lost to history.[2] The small company was bought by Bristol-Myers in 1931 and in the late 1940s, an employee decided to develop an applicator based on the newly invented ball-point pen.[2] In 1952, the company began marketing the product under the name Ban Roll-On.[2] The product was briefly withdrawn from the market in the U.S.[2] It is once again available at retailers in the U.S. under the brand Ban.[3] In the U.K. it is sold under the names Mum Solid and Mum Pump Spray.[2] Chattem acquired Ban deodorant brand in 1998[19] and subsequently sold it to Kao Corporation Kao Corporation is a chemical and cosmetics company headquartered in Tokyo, Japan in 2000.[20]

The modern formulation of the antiperspirant was patented by Jules Montenier on January 28, 1941.[4] This patent addressed the problem of the excessive acidity of aluminium chloride and its excessive irritation of the skin, by combining it with a soluble nitrile or a similar compound.[21] This formulation was first found in "Stopette" deodorant spray, which Time Magazine Time is an American news magazine. A European edition (Time Europe, formerly known as Time Atlantic) is published from London. Time Europe covers the Middle East, Africa and, since 2003, Latin America. An Asian edition (Time Asia) is based in Hong Kong. As of 2009, Time no longer publishes a Canadian advertiser edition. The South Pacific edition, called "the best-selling deodorant of the early 1950s".[5] "Stopette" gained its prominence as the first and long-time sponsor of the game show What's My Line? What's My Line? is a weekly panel game show, which originally ran in the United States from 1950 to 1967 with several international versions and subsequent U.S. revivals. The game tasked celebrity panelists with questioning contestants in order to determine their occupations. It is the longest-running game show in the history of prime time network, and was later eclipsed by many other brands as the 1941 patent expired.

In the early 1960s, the first aerosol Aerosol spray is a type of dispensing system which creates an aerosol mist of liquid particles. This is used with a can or bottle that contains a liquid under pressure. When the container's valve is opened, the liquid is forced out of a small hole and emerges as an aerosol or mist. As gas expands to drive out the payload, only some propellant antiperspirant in the marketplace was Gillette's Right Guard,[14] whose brand was later sold to Henkel The company operates in three business areas: Home Care , Personal Care (with beauty and oral care products such as shampoo, toothpaste, hair colorants and shower products like Dial Soap and Right Guard), and Adhesives, Sealants & Surface Treatment for consumer and industrial purposes in 2006.[22] Aerosols were popular because they let the user dispense a spray without having to come in contact with the underarm area.[14] By the late 1960s, half of all the antiperspirants sold in the U.S. were aerosols, and continued to grow in all sales to 82% by the early 1970s.[14] However, in the late 1970s two problems arose which greatly changed the popularity of these products.[14] First, in 1977 the Food and Drug Administration The Food and Drug Administration is an agency of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, one of the United States federal executive departments, responsible for protecting and promoting public health through the regulation and supervision of food safety, tobacco products, dietary supplements, prescription and over-the-counter (FDA) banned the active ingredient used in aerosols, aluminum zirconium chemicals, due to safety concerns over long term inhalation.[14] Second, the Environmental Protection Agency The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency is an agency of the federal government of the United States charged to protect human health and the environment, by writing and enforcing regulations based on laws passed by Congress. The EPA was proposed by President Richard Nixon and began operation on December 2, 1970, when its establishment was passed (EPA) limited the use of chlorofluorocarbon A chlorofluorocarbon is an organic compound that contains carbon, chlorine, and fluorine, produced as a volatile derivative of methane and ethane. A common subclass is the hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs), which contain hydrogen, as well. They are also commonly known by the DuPont trade name Freon. The most common representative is (CFC) propellants used in aerosols due to awareness that these gases can contribute to depleting the ozone layer.[14] As the popularity of aerosols slowly decreased, stick antiperspirants became more and more popular.[14] Today, sticks are the most popular type of antiperspirant.[14]

Toxicology

The health effects of antiperspirants are a matter of dispute regarding their extent. A small percentage of people are allergic Allergy is a disorder of the immune system which is a form of hypersensitivity. Allergic reactions occur to normally harmless environmental substances known as allergens; these reactions are acquired, predictable, and rapid. Strictly, allergy is one of four forms of hypersensitivity and is called type I hypersensitivity. It is characterized by to aluminium Aluminium (UK: /ˌæljʉˈmɪniəm/ AL-yew-MIN-ee-əm) or aluminum (US: /əˈluːmɨnəm/ ( listen) ə-LOO-mi-nəm) is a silvery white member of the boron group of chemical elements. It has the symbol Al and its atomic number is 13. It is not soluble in water under normal circumstances. Aluminium is the most abundant metal in the Earth's crust, and may experience contact dermatitis Contact dermatitis is a term for a skin reaction resulting from exposure to allergens (allergic contact dermatitis) or irritants (irritant contact dermatitis). Phototoxic dermatitis occurs when the allergen or irritant is activated by sunlight when exposed to aluminium-containing deodorants.[6] Aluminium salts from use of deodorants caused contact dermatitis to the skin.[23] After using a deodorant containing zirconium the skin may develop an allergic, axillary granuloma response.[24] Deodorant crystals containing synthetically made potassium alum were found to be a weak irritant to the skin.[17] Alcohol-free deodorant is available for those with sensitive skin. It is one of the few abundant elements that appears to have no beneficial function to living cells (non-essential metal).[8] Frequent use of deodorants was associated with blood concentrations of the synthetic musk galaxolide.[25]

Aluminium neurotoxicity

Aluminium, present most often in antiperspirants, but not usually present in non-antiperspirant deodorants, has been established as a neurotoxin in very high doses.[26][27][28][29] At high doses, aluminum itself adversely affects the blood-brain barrier, is capable of causing DNA damage, and has adverse epigenetic effects.[26][30] Research has shown that high doses of the aluminum salts used in antiperspirants have detrimental effects to a number of species such as non-human primates,[31] mice,[32] and dogs.[33]

Experiments with mice applying aqueous solution of aluminum chloride to the skin resulted in "a significant increase in urine, serum, and whole brain aluminum"[34] and transplacental passage.[32] A 2001 study shown that the use of aluminium chlorohydrate, the active ingredient in many antiperspirants, does not lead to a significant (vs. ingestion via diet) increase in aluminium levels in the body with one-time use.[35] The Food and Drug Administration "acknowledges that small amounts of aluminum can be absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and through the skin."[36]

An increased amount of aluminum is present in the brains of many Alzheimer's patients.[37][38] A 1990 study showed an association between exposure to aluminum and long term use of antiperspirants and Alzheimer's disease with a trend toward a higher risk with increasing frequency of use.[39] A 1998 study indicated the use of aluminium-containing antiperspirants has been linked with the systemic accumulation of aluminium which increases the risk of Alzheimer's disease.[7]

The Alzheimer's Society advises that "environmental factors have been put forward as possible contributory causes of Alzheimer's disease in some people. Among these is aluminium. There is circumstantial evidence linking this metal with Alzheimer's disease, but no causal relationship has yet been proved. As evidence for other causes continues to grow, a possible link with aluminium seems increasingly unlikely."[40]

Breast Cancer

A 2002 study stated "The rumor that antiperspirant use causes breast cancer continues to circulate the Internet. Although unfounded, there have been no published epidemiologic studies to support or refute this claim."[41] The American Cancer Society (ACS) and the National Cancer Institute (NCI) were very much concerned about the e-mails rumors directly linking antiperspirants to cancer that both put out information on the Internet stating there was no evidence linking the cosmetic products with cancer.[42] According to the ACS "studies have not shown any direct link between parabens and any health problems, including breast cancer. What has been found is that there are many other compounds in the environment that also mimic naturally produced estrogen."[43] According to researchers at the NCI, they "are not aware of any conclusive evidence linking the use of underarm antiperspirants or deodorants and the subsequent development of breast cancer."[44] "Absence of evidence is not evidence of absence of a harmful effect" and "these chemicals are being directly applied daily, by very large numbers of people, and the long-term health effects of exposure are essentially unknown," toxicologist Philip W. Harvey tells WebMD in an interview.[45] But ACS epidemiologist Michael Thun argued that "even if the parabens do promote estrogen-dependent tumor growth, the risk from cosmetic use is "minuscule" compared with other known tumor promoters."[45] The cosmetics industry insists the paraben chemicals used as preservatives in underarm deodorants and other cosmetics, which are regulatory approved, are safe.[46]

A study published in 2003 by the European Journal of Cancer Prevention, found a correlation between earlier diagnosis of breast cancer and antiperspirant/deodorant use.[47] A 2003 study indicated "underarm shaving with antiperspirant/deodorant use may play a role in breast cancer."[47] A 2004 study reviewing the evidence for and against the possible link between breast cancer and underarm cosmetics wrote "Although animal and laboratory studies suggest a possible link between certain chemicals used in underarm cosmetics and breast cancer development, there is no reliable evidence that underarm cosmetics use increases breast cancer risk in humans."[48]

2004 and 2005 studies led by researcher Phil Darbre, hypothesizes that particular substances in deodorants, such as preservatives called parabens, or bolts such as aluminum chloride used in antiperspirants, get into the bloodstream or accumulate in breast tissue, where they enhance or emulate the effects of estrogen, which stimulates the growth of cancerous breast cells.[49][50] A 2007 study found that personal care products are a potential contributor to the body burden of aluminium and newer evidence has linked breast cancer with aluminium-based antiperspirants.[8] A 2008 study stated that no scientific evidence supports the hypothesis that deodorants and/or antiperspirants increase the incidence of breast cancer.[9] A study published in 2009 by the journal The Breast Cancer Research proposed a link between breast cancer and the application of cosmetic chemicals including phthalates and aluminum salts in the underarm region, because of their oestrogenic and/or genotoxic properties, which provides an evidence-based hypothesis capable of further research.[51]

Renal dysfunction

The FDA warns "that people with renal dysfunction may not be aware that the daily use of antiperspirant drug products containing aluminum may put them at a higher risk because of exposure to aluminum in the product."[36] The agency warns people with renal dysfunction to consult a doctor before using antiperspirants containing aluminum.[36]

Clothing

Aluminum zirconium tetrachlorohydrex gly, a common antiperspirant, is a cause of "armpit stains" on clothing, reacting with sweat to create yellow stains.[52]

See also

Look up deodorant or antiperspirant in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

References

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Deodorant
  1. ^ a b c d Cosmetics Q&A: "Personal Care Products". U.S. Food and Drug Administration.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g Joey Green (2004). "The Apothecary: Elixiers, Remedies, and Tonics". Joey Green's Incredible Country Store: Potions, Notions and Elixirs of the Past--and How to Make Them Today (1 ed.). Rodale Books. pp. 356. ISBN 1-57954-848-2.
  3. ^ a b "Chattem acquires Ban deodorant brand". Nashville Business Journal. http://nashville.bizjournals.com/nashville/stories/1998/03/02/daily2.html.
  4. ^ a b US patent 2230084
  5. ^ a b "Corporations: Scalping the Competition". Time magazine. July 12, 1963. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,940327,00.html.
  6. ^ a b V. Abreo. "The Dangers of Aluminum Toxicity". http://www.bellaonline.com/articles/art7739.asp. Retrieved 2009-05-05.
  7. ^ a b Exley C (March 1998). "Does antiperspirant use increase the risk of aluminium-related disease, including Alzheimer's disease?". Molecular Medicine Today 4 (3): 107–9. doi:10.1016/S1357-4310(98)01209-X. PMID 9575492.
  8. ^ a b c Exley C, Charles LM, Barr L, Martin C, Polwart A, Darbre PD (September 2007). "Aluminium in human breast tissue". Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry 101 (9): 1344–6. doi:10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2007.06.005. PMID 17629949.
  9. ^ a b Namer M, Luporsi E, Gligorov J, Lokiec F, Spielmann M. (September 2008). "The use of deodorants/antiperspirants does not constitute a risk factor for breast cancer". Bull Cancer 95 (9): 871–80. doi:10.1684/bdc.2008.0679. PMID 18829420.
  10. ^ Kuehl BL, Fyfe KS, Shear NH (March 2003). "Cutaneous cleansers". Skin Therapy Lett 8 (3): 1–4. PMID 12858234.
  11. ^ a b Stenzaly-Achtert S, Schölermann A, Schreiber J, Diec KH, Rippke F, Bielfeldt S (May 2000). "Axillary pH and influence of deodorants". Skin Res Technol 6 (2): 87–91. PMID 11428948.
  12. ^ Pierce JD Jr, Zeng XN, Aronov EV, Preti G, Wysocki CJ (August 1995). "Cross-adaptation of sweaty-smelling 3-methyl-2-hexenoic acid by a structurally-similar, pleasant-smelling odorant". Chem Senses 20 (4): 401–11. PMID 8590025.
  13. ^ Marc Paye, Howard I. Maibach, André O Barel (2009). Handbook of cosmetic science and technology (3 ed.). Informa Health Care. p. 703. ISBN 1420069632.
  14. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Antiperspirant/Deodorant Stick". eNotes. http://www.enotes.com/how-products-encyclopedia/antiperspirant-deodorant-stick.
  15. ^ Lukacs VA, Korting HC (1989). "[Antiperspirants and deodorants--ingredients and evaluation]" (in German). Dermatosen in Beruf Und Umwelt 37 (2): 53–7. PMID 2656175.
  16. ^ Draelos ZD (September 2001). "Antiperspirants and the hyperhidrosis patient". Dermatol Ther 14 (3): 220–224. doi:10.1046/j.1529-8019.2001.01028.x.
  17. ^ a b Gallego H, Lewis EJ, Crutchfield CE 3rd (July 1999). "Crystal deodorant dermatitis: irritant dermatitis to alum-containing deodorant". Cutis 64 (1): 65–6. PMID 10431678.
  18. ^ Salma Khadra Jayyusi, Manuela Marin (1994). The Legacy of Muslim Spain. Brill Publishers. p. 117. ISBN 90-04-09599-3.
  19. ^ "CHATTEM ACQUIRING BAN BRAND FOR $165 MILLION". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/1998/02/24/business/company-news-chattem-acquiring-ban-brand-for-165-million.html.
  20. ^ "CHATTEM AGREES TO SELL BAN DEODORANT LINE TO JERGENS". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2000/08/25/business/company-news-chattem-agrees-to-sell-ban-deodorant-line-to-jergens.html.
  21. ^ Id.
  22. ^ "Dial Agrees to Buy P&G Deodorant Brands". Pierce Mattie Public Relations New York Blog. http://www.piercemattie.com/blogs/2006/02/dial_agrees_to_buy_pg_deodoran.html.
  23. ^ Garg S, Loghdey S, Gawkrodger DJ (January 2010). "Allergic contact dermatitis from aluminium in deodorants". Contact Dermatitis 62 (1): 57–8. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0536.2009.01663.x. PMID 20136883.
  24. ^ Kleinhans D, Knoth W (July 1976). "[Granulomas of axillae (zirconium?) (author's transl)]". Dermatologica 152 (3): 161–7. PMID 939343.
  25. ^ Hutter HP, Wallner P, Hartl W, Uhl M, Lorbeer G, Gminski R, Mersch-Sundermann V, Kundi M (March 2010). "Higher blood concentrations of synthetic musks in women above fifty years than in younger women". Int J Hyg Environ Health 213 (2): 124–30. doi:10.1016/j.ijheh.2009.12.002. PMID 20056483.
  26. ^ a b He BP, Strong MJ (January 2000). "A morphological analysis of the motor neuron degeneration and microglial reaction in acute and chronic in vivo aluminum chloride neurotoxicity". J. Chem. Neuroanat. 17 (4): 207–15. PMID 10697247.
  27. ^ Zubenko GS, Hanin I (October 1989). "Cholinergic and noradrenergic toxicity of intraventricular aluminum chloride in the rat hippocampus". Brain Res. 498 (2): 381–4. PMID 2790490.
  28. ^ Peng JH, Xu ZC, Xu ZX, et al. (August 1992). "Aluminum-induced acute cholinergic neurotoxicity in rat". Mol. Chem. Neuropathol. 17 (1): 79–89. PMID 1388451.
  29. ^ Banks, W.A.; Kastin, A.J. (1989). "Aluminum-induced neurotoxicity: alterations in membrane function at the blood-brain barrier". Neurosci Biobehav Rev 13 (1): 47–53. doi:10.1016/S0149-7634(89)80051-X. PMID 2671833.
  30. ^ Lankoff A, Banasik A, Duma A, et al. (February 2006). "A comet assay study reveals that aluminium induces DNA damage and inhibits the repair of radiation-induced lesions in human peripheral blood lymphocytes". Toxicol. Lett. 161 (1): 27–36. doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2005.07.012. PMID 16139969.
  31. ^ Sarin S, Gupta V, Gill KD (1997). "Alterations in lipid composition and neuronal injury in primates following chronic aluminium exposure". Biol Trace Elem Res 59 (1-3): 133–43. doi:10.1007/BF02783238. PMID 9522055.
  32. ^ a b Anane R, Bonini M, Creppy EE (September 1997). "Transplacental passage of aluminum from pregnant mice to fetus organs after maternal transcutaneous exposure". Hum Exp Toxicol 16 (9): 501–4. PMID 9306136.
  33. ^ Yiu G (December 2004). "Rapid Communications: Antiperspirant Induced DNA Damage in Canine Cells by Comet Assay". Toxicol Mech Methods 15 (1): 25–8. doi:10.1080/15376520590890677. PMID 20021076.
  34. ^ Anane R, Bonini M, Grafeille JM, Creppy EE (1995). "Bioaccumulation of water soluble aluminium chloride in the hippocampus after transdermal uptake in mice". Arch. Toxicol. 69 (8): 568–71. PMID 8534202.
  35. ^ Flarend R, Bin T, Elmore D, Hem SL. (February 2001). "A preliminary study of the dermal absorption of aluminium from antiperspirants using aluminium-26". Food Chem Toxicol 39 (2): 163–8. doi:10.1016/S0278-6915(00)00118-6. PMID 11267710.
  36. ^ a b c "Antiperspirant Drug Products For Over-the-Counter Human Use; Final Monograph". U.S. Food and Drug Administration. http://www.fda.gov/OHRMS/DOCKETS/98fr/03-14140.htm.
  37. ^ Crapper DR, Krishnan SS, Quittkat S (March 1976). "Aluminium, neurofibrillary degeneration and Alzheimer's disease". Brain 99 (1): 67–80. PMID 963531.
  38. ^ Trapp GA, Miner GD, Zimmerman RL, Mastri AR, Heston LL (December 1978). "Aluminum levels in brain in Alzheimer's disease". Biol. Psychiatry 13 (6): 709–18. PMID 737258.
  39. ^ Graves AB, White E, Koepsell TD, Reifler BV, van Belle G, Larson EB (1990). "The association between aluminum-containing products and Alzheimer's disease". Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 43 (1): 35–44. doi:10.1016/0895-4356(90)90053-R. PMID 2319278.
  40. ^ "Aluminium and Alzheimer's disease". The Alzheimer's Society. http://alzheimers.org.uk/site/scripts/documents_info.php?categoryID=200137&documentID=99&pageNumber=1.
  41. ^ Mirick DK, Davis S, Thomas DB (October 2002). "Antiperspirant use and the risk of breast cancer". J Natl Cancer Inst 94 (20): 1578–80. PMID 12381712.
  42. ^ "Antiperspirants/Deodorants and Breast Cancer: Questions and Answers". USA Today. http://www.usatoday.com/tech/webguide/internetlife/2002-10-17-email-hoax_x.htm.
  43. ^ "Antiperspirants and Breast Cancer Risk". American Cancer Society. http://www.cancer.org/docroot/MED/content/MED_6_1x_Antiperspirants.asp.
  44. ^ "Study disproves e-mail hoax linking antiperspirants, cancer". National Cancer Institute. http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/Risk/AP-Deo.
  45. ^ a b "Antiperspirant Chemical Found in Breast Tumors". WebMD Health News. http://www.webmd.com/content/article/79/96226.htm.
  46. ^ "Concern over deodorant chemicals". BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/3383393.stm.
  47. ^ a b McGrath KG (December 2003). "An earlier age of breast cancer diagnosis related to more frequent use of antiperspirants/deodorants and underarm shaving". European Journal of Cancer Prevention 12 (6): 479–85. doi:10.1097/01.cej.0000103462.62592.c6. PMID 14639125. http://journals.lww.com/eurjcancerprev/Abstract/2003/12000/An_earlier_age_of_breast_cancer_diagnosis_related.6.aspx.
  48. ^ Gikas PD, Mansfield L, Mokbel K (September-October 2004). "Do underarm cosmetics cause breast cancer?". Int J Fertil Womens Med 49 (5): 212–4. PMID 15633477.
  49. ^ Darbre PD, Aljarrah A, Miller WR, Coldham NG, Sauer MJ, Pope GS (January-February 2004). "Concentrations of parabens in human breast tumours". J Appl Toxicol 24 (1): 5–13. doi:10.1002/jat.958. PMID 14745841. http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/106600317/abstract?CRETRY=1&SRETRY=0.
  50. ^ Darbre PD (September 2005). "Aluminium, antiperspirants and breast cancer". J. Inorg. Biochem. 99 (9): 1912–9. doi:10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2005.06.001. PMID 16045991.
  51. ^ Darbre PD (2009). "Underarm antiperspirants/deodorants and breast cancer". Breast Cancer Research 11 (Suppl 3): S5. doi:10.1186/bcr2424. PMID 20030880.
  52. ^ "Mastering The Undershirt". AskMen.com. http://www.askmen.com/fashion/fashiontip_250/278b_fashion_advice.html.

Categories: Personal hygiene products

Personal tools
Namespaces
">
Variants
Views
">
Actions
Search">
Navigation
Interaction
Toolbox
Print/export
Languages

 

The above information uses material from Wikipedia and is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License.
Some facts may not have been fully verified for accuracy. [Disclaimers]
This page was last archived by our server on Mon Jun 28 10:01:23 2010. [ refresh local cache ]
Displaying this page or its contents does not use any Wikimedia Foundation's resources.
The owners of this site proudly support the Wikimedia Foundation.

[Hide]▼
'Deodorants' Images
extrait de douceur spray jpg
bourjois.nl
extrait de douceur spray jpg
500px x 500px | 65.20kB

[source page]

Zoom

Yahoo Images Search: Deodorants,
Fri Jun 4 18:52:37 2010
'Deodorants' Blogs
YoungProsper.com - Business & Life with Andrew Chua: GOOGLE ~ The ...
andrewchua1902.blogspot.com
YoungProsper.com - Business & Life with Andrew Chua: GOOGLE ~ The ...

Andrew Chua

ue, 22 Dec 2009 10:00:00 GM

~Enlightened me on how . deodorants. and skin toners work (. Deodorants. make the area on which applied too salty for bacteria to survive. Skin toners are alcoholic, thus able to remove oil and tighten the skin). ...

Google Blogs Search: Deodorants,
Tue Dec 22 11:16:24 2009
[Hide]▲