Formal, (adj.) relating to an established procedure or set of specific behaviors.
For other uses of form see Form (disambiguation) Form refers to the shape, visual appearance, or configuration of an object
For other uses of formalism see Formalism (disambiguation)
Formal may also refer to:
General:
- Formal (university) Formal Hall or Formal Meal is the traditional meal held at some of the older universities in the United Kingdom at which students dress in formal attire and often gowns to dine. These are held commonly in the colleges of Oxford, Cambridge, Durham and St Andrews , as well as at the halls of Nottingham, University of Manchester and Bristol, a type of ceremonial event at university
- School formal A school formal or formal, is an event held during the school year for students in Australian and New Zealand high schools. Formals are generally organised and run by a student committee, the members of which volunteer to do so. Formals are usually held for students in Year 12 , although some schools also have Year 11 (Year 12) or even Year 10 (, a type of ceremonial event at school
- Formal wear Formal dress and formal wear (US/Canada) are the general terms for clothing suitable for formal social events, such as a wedding, formal garden party or dinner, débutante cotillion, dance, or race. The Western style of formal evening dress, characterized by black and white garments, has spread through many countries; it is almost always the, clothing for formal occasions
- Informal sector The informal sector is economic activity that is neither taxed nor monitored by a government, and is not included in that government's Gross National Product , as opposed to a formal economy, as opposed to Formal sector, economic activity beyond the purview of government
- A Formality A formality is an established procedure or set of specific behaviors and utterances, conceptually similar to a ritual although typically secular and less involved. A formality may be as simple as a handshake upon making new acquaintainces in Western culture to the carefully defined procedure of bows, handshakes, formal greetings, and business-card, an established procedure or set of specific behaviors
Logic and mathematics:
- Formal logic Mathematical logic is a subfield of mathematics with close connections to computer science and philosophical logic. The field includes both the mathematical study of logic and the applications of formal logic to other areas of mathematics. The unifying themes in mathematical logic include the study of the expressive power of formal systems and the, logical argument based on form
- Formal cause "Cause" means: in one sense, that as the result of whose presence something comes into being—e.g. the bronze of a statue and the silver of a cup, and the classes which contain these; (b) in another sense, the form or pattern; that is, the essential formula and the classes which contain it—e.g. the ratio 2:1 and number in general is, Aristotle's intrinsic, determining cause
- Formal power series In mathematics, formal power series are a generalization of polynomials as formal objects, where the number of terms is allowed to be infinite; this implies giving up the possibility to substitute arbitrary values for indeterminates. This perspective contrasts with that of power series, whose variables designate numerical values, and which series, a generalization of power series without requiring convergence, used in combinatorics
- Formal calculation In mathematical logic, a formal calculation is sometimes defined as a calculation which is systematic, but without a rigorous justification. This means that we are manipulating the symbols in an expression using a generic substitution, without proving that the necessary conditions hold. Essentially, we are interested in the form of an expression,, a calculation which is systematic, but without a rigorous justification
- Formal set theory Set theory is the branch of mathematics that studies sets, which are collections of objects. Although any type of object can be collected into a set, set theory is applied most often to objects that are relevant to mathematics, as opposed to Naive set theory
- Formal derivative In mathematics, the formal derivative is an operation on elements of a polynomial ring or a ring of formal power series which mimics the form of the derivative from calculus. Though they appear similar, the algebraic advantage of a formal derivative is that it does not rely on the notion of a limit, which is in general impossible to define for a, an operation on elements of a polynomial ring which mimics the form of the derivative from calculus
Linguistics:
- Formal system In formal logic, a formal system consists of a formal language and a set of inference rules, used to derive (to conclude) one expression from one or more other expressions (premises) antecedently supposed (axioms) or derived (theorems). The axioms and rules may be called a deductive apparatus. A formal system may be formulated and studied for its, an abstract means of generating inferences in a formal language
- Formal language A formal language is a set of words, i.e. finite strings of letters, symbols, or tokens. The set from which these letters are taken is called the alphabet over which the language is defined. A formal language is often defined by means of a formal grammar ; accordingly, words that belong to a formal language are sometimes called well-formed words (, comprising the symbolic "words" or "sentences" of a formal system
- Formal grammar A formal grammar is a set of rules of a specific kind, for forming strings in a formal language. The rules describe how to form strings from the language's alphabet that are valid according to the language's syntax. A grammar does not describe the meaning of the strings or what can be done with them in whatever context —only their form, a grammar describing a formal language
- Formal proof A formal proof or derivation is a finite sequence of sentences each of which is an axiom or follows from the preceding sentences in the sequence by a rule of inference. The last sentence in the sequence is a theorem of a formal system. The notion of theorem is not in general effective, therefore there may be no method by which we can always find a, a fully rigorous proof as is possible only in a formal system
- Dynamic and formal equivalence Dynamic equivalence and formal equivalence are two approaches to translation. Dynamic equivalence attempts to convey the thought expressed in a source text (if necessary, at the expense of literalness, original word order, the source text's grammatical voice, etc.), while formal equivalence attempts to render the text word-for-word (if necessary, word-for-word translation, especially of the Bible
Chemistry:
- Formaldehyde Formaldehyde is an organic compound with the formula CH2O. As the simplest aldehyde, it is an important precursor to many other chemical compounds, especially for polymers. In 2005, annual world production of formaldehyde was estimated to be 23 million tons (46 billion pounds). In view of its widespread use, toxicity and volatility, exposure to, short form for, also formalin
- Dimethoxymethane Dimethoxymethane, also called methylal, is a clear colorless flammable liquid with a low boiling point, low viscosity and an excellent dissolving power. It has a chloroform-like odor and a pungent taste. It is the dimethyl acetal of formaldehyde. Dimethoxymethane is soluble in three parts water and miscible with most common organic solvents, a synonym for this
- Concentration In chemistry, concentration is the measure of how much of a given substance there is mixed with another substance. This can apply to any sort of chemical mixture, but most frequently the concept is limited to homogeneous solutions, where it refers to the amount of solute in the solvent, a unit of concentration (F) similar to molarity
Computer science:
- Formal methods In computer science and software engineering, formal methods are a particular kind of mathematically-based techniques for the specification, development and verification of software and hardware systems. The use of formal methods for software and hardware design is motivated by the expectation that, as in other engineering disciplines, performing, mathematically-based techniques for the specification, development and verification of software and hardware systems
- Formal specification In computer science, a formal specification is a mathematical description of software or hardware that may be used to develop an implementation. It describes what the system should do, not how the system should do it. Given such a specification, it is possible to use formal verification techniques to demonstrate that a candidate system design is, describes what a system should do, not how it should do it
- Formal verification In the context of hardware and software systems, formal verification is the act of proving or disproving the correctness of intended algorithms underlying a system with respect to a certain formal specification or property, using formal methods of mathematics[citation needed], proves correctness of a system
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